CAD Drafting and Residential Design. Imagine being able to walk through your new home or office building, go into every room, try out different colors on the walls or make changes to the design . It sounds pretty amazing, and it is. That is the world of CAD (Computer- Aided Design) drafting. Not too long ago you would find the designer or architect bent over a drafting table using a pencil, ruler and eraser, slowly drafting every detail by hand. Today’s designers use sleek, super- fast computers and CAD software systems that can quickly and perfectly create, edit, then display finished projects in breathtaking 3- D computer renderings. Two of these other systems, CADD (Computer- Aided Design and Drafting) and CAID (Computer- Aided Industrial Design) are the most commonly used. Your car and every part in it, your electronics, furniture, your home and office, even your deodorant jar and the packages your food comes in were more than likely drafted using CAD. The History of CADLike most great inventions, CAD drafting had humble beginnings, but the potential was immediately apparent. Software companies and thousands of dedicated developers and programmers saw that potential and have worked tirelessly for over 3. CAD drafting programs to where they are today. The results have been no less than spectacular. Both industries were independently developing the first CAD systems. Most people agree that the real breakout point was the development of SKETCHPAD at MIT in 1. The main feature of SKETCHPAD was that it allowed the designer to work with the program by drawing on the monitor with a light pen. This was essentially the first GUI (Graphical User Interface) and is the most. The first programs were only available to large corporations in the automotive, aerospace and electronics industries. These were the only companies that could afford the expensive computers and computing power needed to do the calculations needed to run the programs. The leaders in developing these first programs were GM, Lockheed and Renault. The first CAD programs in the 1. D drawings similar to the hand- drafted drawings of the time. CAD Schools in Illinois. Illinois contains 41 schools that offer CAD programs. Zarem Golde ORT Technical Institute, the highest-ranking CAD school in IL, has a total student population of 524 and is the 1097th highest ranked. But even those first simple programs were changing the face of manufacturing and construction design. The programs quickly evolved over the years as computer processing speed and power and graphics capabilities increased. In the 1. 98. 0’s the next major step toward modern CAD was achieved with the advent of the ability to do 3. D solid modeling. In 1. 98. 1 two solid modeling packages were released- Romulus by (Shape. Data) and Uni- Solid by (Unigraphics). In 1. 98. 2 John Walker founded Autodesk which developed one of the most famous 2. D CAD programs, Auto. CAD. In the late 1. D designs were integrated into the new CAD programs for the first time. This now made it possible for any company to afford a high- quality CAD design program. The 1. 99. 0’s saw the release of some of the most popular mid- range packages.
Solid. Works was released in 1. Solid. Edge was released in 1. Iron. CAD was released in 1. Usually no special hardware is needed except for a high- end Open. GL Graphics card for renderings. Also, more is always better when it comes to computing power. A machine with dual- processors and massive amounts of RAM is needed for maximum performance on complex projects. CAD systems can be separated into three different types: 2. D drafting systems like Auto. Believing that institution partners can play a key role in closing the gap between the needs of industries and the skills of graduates, the Technical Education and Skills Development Authority-National Capital Region (TESDA.CAD LT (also known as Autocad “Light”); 3. D solid feature modelers like Architectural Desktop, Chief Architect, Archi. CAD, Alibre Design, Vari. CAD Solid. Works and Solid. Edge; and high- end 3. D hybrid systems like Pro/ENGINEER and NX (Unigraphics). The model can be manipulated and viewed from different perspectives and angles. On some systems you can even use stereoscopic glasses for viewing in true 3. D. All these programs provide an ease of design not possible with hand drafting on a traditional drawing sheet. For example, in 2. D drafting a wall in a house would be drawn as 2 parallel lines spaced a certain distance apart, say, 6 inches. To insert a door into the wall, you would follow a process similar to manual drafting- you would first erase part of the wall, then draw in the lines representing a door. In 2. D, each line is inserted manually into the design. The end design has no mass properties and you can’t add features such as holes, etc. To insert a door, you simply specify the size and location of the door- the software automatically erases that portion of the wall where the door goes. Over the course of designing an entire house or building, tools such as these can save countless hours. You can then use the solid model to generate views of the project from any viewpoint or angle- something that 2. D programs cannot do. With 3. D parametric solid modeling programs such as Alibre Design, Solid Works and Solid Edge, the designer must use what is called . This means that the design has to be thought of as a real world representation of the object. You are able or unable to make changes to the object the same way you would make them to a real world object. Therefore, parametric solids require the designer to think ahead and consider his actions carefully. Surface modeling combined with solid modeling is used to create most day- to- day products for consumers. This means the designer needs to have a firm understanding of the system being used. A little extra attention and careful planning in design now can save a lot of grief later. Typically one CAD operator could replace three to five drafters using traditional drafting techniques. Also many engineers opted to do their own drafting work which eliminated the need for dedicated drafters. As word processors, databases, spreadsheets, etc. Teachers were afraid that designing and sketching on a computer screen could not duplicate the artistry of traditional sketching on a drafting pad. Also, many teachers were worried that students would be hired, not for their design skills, but for their software and computer skills. Today CAD is recognized as an essential design tool and is taught across the board in architecture schools. It is interesting to note that not all architects have joined the CAD bandwagon. Australian architect Glenn Murcutt, winner of the 2. Pritzker Architecture Prize, has a small office with minimal CAD capability. Specific industries have developed specialized applications of CAD systems. Below are some of the main industries using CAD and their related CAD applications. Computer- aided design - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Computer- aided design (CAD) is the use of computer systems to aid in the creation, modification, analysis, or optimization of a design. The term CADD (for Computer Aided Design and Drafting) is also used. In mechanical design it is known as mechanical design automation (MDA) or computer- aided drafting (CAD), which includes the process of creating a technical drawing with the use of computer software. However, it involves more than just shapes. As in the manual drafting of technical and engineering drawings, the output of CAD must convey information, such as materials, processes, dimensions, and tolerances, according to application- specific conventions. CAD may be used to design curves and figures in two- dimensional (2. D) space; or curves, surfaces, and solids in three- dimensional (3. D) space. CAD is also widely used to produce computer animation for special effects in movies, advertising and technical manuals, often called DCC digital content creation. The modern ubiquity and power of computers means that even perfume bottles and shampoo dispensers are designed using techniques unheard of by engineers of the 1. Because of its enormous economic importance, CAD has been a major driving force for research in computational geometry, computer graphics (both hardware and software), and discrete differential geometry. The benefit of CAD systems over manual drafting are the capabilities one often takes for granted from computer systems today; automated generation of Bill of Material, auto layout in integrated circuits, interference checking, and many others. Eventually CAD provided the designer with the ability to perform engineering calculations. During this transition, calculations were still performed either by hand or by those individuals who could run computer programs. CAD was a revolutionary change in the engineering industry, where draftsmen, designers and engineering roles begin to merge. It did not eliminate departments, as much as it merged departments and empowered draftsman, designers and engineers. CAD is just another example of the pervasive effect computers were beginning to have on industry. Current computer- aided design software packages range from 2. D vector- based drafting systems to 3. D solid and surface modelers. Modern CAD packages can also frequently allow rotations in three dimensions, allowing viewing of a designed object from any desired angle, even from the inside looking out. Some CAD software is capable of dynamic mathematical modeling, in which case it may be marketed as CAD. CAD technology is used in the design of tools and machinery and in the drafting and design of all types of buildings, from small residential types (houses) to the largest commercial and industrial structures (hospitals and factories). It can also be used to design objects. Furthermore, many CAD applications now offer advanced rendering and animation capabilities so engineers can better visualize their product designs. D BIM is a type of virtual construction engineering simulation incorporating time or schedule related information for project management. CAD has become an especially important technology within the scope of computer- aided technologies, with benefits such as lower product development costs and a greatly shortened design cycle. CAD enables designers to layout and develop work on screen, print it out and save it for future editing, saving time on their drawings. Computer- aided design is one of the many tools used by engineers and designers and is used in many ways depending on the profession of the user and the type of software in question. CAD is one part of the whole Digital Product Development (DPD) activity within the Product Lifecycle Management (PLM) processes, and as such is used together with other tools, which are either integrated modules or stand- alone products, such as: CAD is also used for the accurate creation of photo simulations that are often required in the preparation of Environmental Impact Reports, in which computer- aided designs of intended buildings are superimposed into photographs of existing environments to represent what that locale will be like, where the proposed facilities are allowed to be built. Potential blockage of view corridors and shadow studies are also frequently analyzed through the use of CAD. CAD has been proven to be useful to engineers as well. Using four properties which are history, features, parameterization, and high level constraints. The construction history can be used to look back into the model's personal features and work on the single area rather than the whole model. Parameters and constraints can be used to determine the size, shape, and other properties of the different modeling elements. The features in the CAD system can be used for the variety of tools for measurement such as tensile strength, yield strength, electrical or electro- magnetic properties. Also its stress, strain, timing or how the element gets affected in certain temperatures, etc. There are several different types of CAD. These provide an approach to the drawing process without all the fuss over scale and placement on the drawing sheet that accompanied hand drafting, since these can be adjusted as required during the creation of the final draft. D wireframe is basically an extension of 2. D drafting (not often used today). Each line has to be manually inserted into the drawing. The final product has no mass properties associated with it and cannot have features directly added to it, such as holes. The operator approaches these in a similar fashion to the 2. D systems, although many 3. D systems allow using the wireframe model to make the final engineering drawing views. D . Basic three- dimensional geometric forms (prisms, cylinders, spheres, and so on) have solid volumes added or subtracted from them, as if assembling or cutting real- world objects. Two- dimensional projected views can easily be generated from the models. Basic 3. D solids don't usually include tools to easily allow motion of components, set limits to their motion, or identify interference between components. There are two types of 3. D Solid Modeling. Parametric modeling allows the operator to use what is referred to as . The objects and features created are modifiable. Any future modifications can be made by changing how the original part was created. If a feature was intended to be located from the center of the part, the operator should locate it from the center of the model. The feature could be located using any geometric object already available in the part, but this random placement would defeat the design intent. If the operator designs the part as it functions the parametric modeler is able to make changes to the part while maintaining geometric and functional relationships. Direct or Explicit modeling provide the ability to edit geometry without a history tree. With direct modeling once a sketch is used to create geometry the sketch is incorporated into the new geometry and the designer just modifies the geometry without needing the original sketch. As with parametric modeling, direct modeling has the ability to include relationships between selected geometry (e. Top end systems offer the capabilities to incorporate more organic, aesthetics and ergonomic features into designs. Freeform surface modeling is often combined with solids to allow the designer to create products that fit the human form and visual requirements as well as they interface with the machine. Technology. Typical modern parametric feature based modeler and freeform surface systems are built around a number of key C modules with their own APIs. A CAD system can be seen as built up from the interaction of a graphical user interface (GUI) with NURBS geometry and/or boundary representation (B- rep) data via a geometric modeling kernel. A geometry constraint engine may also be employed to manage the associative relationships between geometry, such as wireframe geometry in a sketch or components in an assembly. Unexpected capabilities of these associative relationships have led to a new form of prototyping called digital prototyping. In contrast to physical prototypes, which entail manufacturing time in the design. That said, CAD models can be generated by a computer after the physical prototype has been scanned using an industrial CT scanning machine. Depending on the nature of the business, digital or physical prototypes can be initially chosen according to specific needs. Today, CAD systems exist for all the major platforms (Windows, Linux, UNIX and Mac OS X); some packages even support multiple platforms. Right now, no special hardware is required for most CAD software. However, some CAD systems can do graphically and computationally intensive tasks, so a modern graphics card, high speed (and possibly multiple) CPUs and large amounts of RAM may be recommended. The human- machine interface is generally via a computer mouse but can also be via a pen and digitizing graphics tablet. Manipulation of the view of the model on the screen is also sometimes done with the use of a Spacemouse/Space. Ball. Some systems also support stereoscopic glasses for viewing the 3. D model. Technologies which in the past were limited to larger installations or specialist applications have become available to a wide group of users. These include the CAVE or HMD`s and interactive devices like motion- sensing technology. Software. Most applications support solid modeling with boundary representation (B- Rep) and NURBS geometry, and enable the same to be published in a variety of formats. A geometric modeling kernel is a software component that provides solid modeling and surface modeling features to CAD applications. Based on market statistics, commercial software from Autodesk, Dassault Systems, Siemens PLM Software and PTC dominate the CAD industry. Examples of problems being solved in the mid- 1. Servo motors controlled by generated pulse (1.
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